The test statistics are equal to the observed data value or It could also be more biased towards the p-value.

P-value or probability value is the chance that depends on the null hypothesis model. It is difficult to avoid P-hacking but there are certain safeguards that may b help in reducing the chances of p-hacking and avoid the data dredging trap. It can also mislead other processes of data recording and computing an inference and result in an increased bias. However, it can severely impact the data by increasing the many false positives, which affects the study’s quality. P-hacking can also be described as an unintentional cherry-picking method of culling important and reliable data that leads to a surplus of noteworthy and required results. But why is this concerning? Because it affects the study of data in negative ways.

Data dredging is extremely tough to spot. P-hacking is a way in which data analytics is exploited to find trends that seem statistically important but are not really important.

Data dredging analytic data